Monreale Cathedral in Sicily | Fatimid Architecture and Byzantine Mosaics

Monreale Cathedral, A Place of Cultural Fusion in Sicily

Last Updated on April 28, 2021

Monreale Cathedral embodies the modern-day phenomenon and concept of a multi-cultural society. Yet, it owes its existence to the 12th century cultural fusion of Norman ambition, Fatimid architecture and Byzantine mosaics. Almost a millennia ago, Monreale was a sophisticated and prosperous center where a diverse population enjoyed ethnic and religious tolerance—and worked side-by-side to create a monument dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

“Anyone who comes to Palermo without seeing Monreale arrives on a donkey and leaves as an ass,” says an old Sicilian saw, and rightly so. Not only is the Duomo di Monreale a spectacular monument and dazzling display of craftsmanship, it has a compelling and instructive history—which I learned from Francesca Sommatino, an art historian and Undiscovered Sicily tour guide from Palermo.

“The distinction of the Cathedral of Monreale is the set of different cultures that relate to each other,” Francesca explained. “First of all the Church was built under the reign of William II starting from 1172. The Norman kingdom began in 1130 with the Coronation of Roger II of Hauteville.”

Sicily, A 12th Century Cultural Melting Pot

Under Norman reign, Muslims, Christians and Jews co-existed here peacefully and prosperously, borrowing heavily from each other’s heritage. Nowhere is this legacy of tolerance more evident than the enduring beauty of Monreale Cathedral, a hillside town about four miles south of Palermo that overlooks groves of almond, olive and orange trees.

Before the Normans arrived, Sicily was ruled by the Fatimids of North Africa during the IX and X centuries, Francesca explained. For the first Normans who began the conquest of the island from east to west, the discovery of the Fatimid culture in the territory was experienced as a resource and not as a threat.

Many of these people referred to as Arabs were artists, artisans, engineers, mathematicians, intellectuals; therefore their culture was absorbed and is reflected in the Cathedral’s architecture and its beautiful interior floors in marble with geometric patterns. It is the Byzantine culture that is responsible for the cycle of mosaics that cover the entire walls.

“The Fatimidi were good artists and intellectuals,” Francesca said. “The best works of art in my country are marble floors with geometric patterns and the Cathedral’s amazing wooden created with muqarnas pattern of the Palatine Chapel, inside the Royal Palace. The Muqarnas motif resembles stalactites and it is adorned with a tempera technique with different kind of subjects like musicians, dancing scenes, animals, and more.”

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A Massive Monument to Faith

King William II epitomized the Norman open-mindedness to the various ethnicities absorbed into his growing kingdom. In building the duomo, he tapped into the architectural traditions of the conquered Arab populace, and incorporated decorative techniques from the Byzantines, with whom the Normans traded on forays into the Eastern Empire.

“The Normans had already had the opportunity to learn about Byzantine culture in southern Italy and decided to invite mosaic artists directly from Byzantium to Sicily to decorate the interiors of churches,” Francesca continued. “So generally the style with which the architecture of this period is described as Arab-Norman style, but in my opinion it would be better to say Fatimid, Byzantine and Norman styles to include all three of the contributing cultures. It is a Catholic cathedral, commissioned during the Norman Kingdom, but created by Fatimid and Byzantine artists, each bearer of their own culture.”

Yet William wasn’t a saint—it’s said that building the duomo was an attempt to outdo his grandfather Roger II’s grandiose palace “chapel” in Palermo. Another bit of lore says that the cathedral was inspired by a dream, and that the site on which it was built was the Norman king’s royal hunting ground. This legend claims that William, worn out from stalking deer and boar on the reserve, took a snooze, during which a vision of the Madonna directed him to treasure his father had buried. Upon finding it, he used the manna from heaven to fund work on the cathedral, which began in 1174. Today it is considered as the granddaddy of all chaiesa in southern Italy.

Politics and public relations being the age-old arts that they are, William ensured that he would forever go down in history as the benefactor of this massive monument to his faith. He makes two appearances in tile on its walls; in one depiction, he is being crowned by Jesus himself.

Exploring Monreale Cathedral

I decided to explore the exterior first and embarked on ascending the cathedral’s tiered terraces, which are connected via dimly-lit halls made the height of Medieval man. The claustrophobic corridors made me thankful that the masses of pilgrims who trek here each spring had not yet descended.

After a challenging hike upward, I reached the duomo’s highest point, sharing it with a portly Australian woman. She wiped the sweat from her brow and with a grin, good-naturedly lambasted herself for the beer she had at lunch. We exchanged smiles as we took in the view. In one direction was a panorama of the immense volcanic Mount Caputo off to the right, and red-tiled rooftops amid emerald foliage stretching to the sparkling bay of Conca d’Or. Directly below, was the graceful symmetry of the cloister.

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Monreale’s Cloister

A cloister is common in cathedral architecture, defined as a covered walk in a convent, monastery or cathedral characterized by a wall on one side and an opening to a quadrangle on the other. Monreale’s cloister features 208 columns, each decorated with smooth, carved, or enhanced geometric compositions.

“The cloister of the Benedictine monks is magnificent; it was created at the same time with the church and the rest of the monastery,” Francesca said. “This was the space where the monks prayed, contemplated, wrote, and where they dedicated themselves to nature. With regard to the cloister we cannot speak only of Arab and Byzantine craftsmen, but of artists coming from different places like elsewhere in Italy, as well as from Provence.”

“Particularly noteworthy are the 228 columns on which there are as many capitals, all different from one another,” she observed. “Some of these are inspired by the Bible, others by mythology; some reproduce decorative motifs with symbolic values, others used the allegories of the twelve months of the year.

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Monreale’s Mosaics, A Technicolor Tapestry of Faith

Back inside the cathedral, I stood with eyes raised upward, awed at the billions of tiny tiles meticulously mapped out to explode in a huge, technicolor tapestry of faith.

Francesca explained the process involved in creating the stunning mosaics.

“The technique consists in preparing the wall with the chisel on which the mortar will then be placed,” she said. “It was essential to make the surface rough even with the use of chopped straw. Then a preparatory drawing on the wall called sinopia is created. On this is placed the tesserae—mosaic tiles that are nothing more than colored glass paste with enamels or embellished with gold leaf.”

“The cycle of mosaics represents the stories of the Bible, the Old and the New Testament,” Francesca explained. “The main figure is in the central apsidal basin and represents the Christ Pantocreator, which symbolizes the creator of everything. From this image, the stories of the Old Testament of the central nave develop, and the miracles of Jesus in the two aisles.”

“The mosaics depict the story of Jesus, his death, the stories of the apostles and every scene is accompanied by captions written in Latin,” she continued. “The cycle of mosaics in Monreale, one of the largest in Italy, is nothing more than the story of the comic book Bible. If we think of one of the tasks of the Norman rulers was converting the new kingdom to Catholicism after two centuries of Arab presence, so the mosaics were also a way to re-educate the people and to legitimize a new power in the eyes of all.”

“What is most remarkable is that throughout the enormous quantity of mosaics depicted in the church—6,400 square meters of surface—there is one continuous story that is all inter-connected,” Francesca said. “The mosaics are like a book, with each scene representing a different chapter.”

Then, I felt as much as heard the familiar strains of “Here Comes the Bride” being struck on Monreale’s massive organ.

As the chords reverberated throughout the immense chamber, we tourists collectively drew in a breath and turned to watch as a bride and groom begin their long journey down the aisle and a life together on a Monday afternoon in May. Under a canopy of brilliant tiles on a glistening gold background, the couple seemed oblivious to the crowd of sightseers from around the world witnessing their sacrament. Or perhaps here, in Monreale, they take for granted the assemblage of people from far corners under this roof, built by the talents and hands of so many cultures and creeds.

Header photo: Allie Caulfield, Creative Common